Buber's Dialogical theory is based on theological claims. He thought that I-You relations can and should be seen as a remedy for some of the illnesses of modern society - the indirectness of mass societies, capitalism, and the nation state. Contrary to this society Buber aimed at communal structures which are built bottom-up in likeness to the model of biblical judges. After a short survey of the anarchistic foundations of dialogue, the paper examines Buber's critic of Jean Paul Sartre and the claim that atheist-existentialism reflects I-Thou assumptions in which Subjectivity is trapped in a primordial subject-to-Object relation. Buber's alternative to this model is theological and it is based on the idea that only subject-to-subject relations leads to real subjectivity.

The paper further claims that Buber's reaction to Sartre leads to a stand that I call "Being in God's World" – just like in existential philosophy, dialogue is built on the notion that humans find themselves in a world that they did not chose, but in contrast to this, Buber believed that they are obliged to recognize their call, realize that this world they are in is not theirs – humans need to realize God in the world, to form communities that would act in modern mass society and change it.